pasobcorp.blogg.se - april 2022

Due to limited commercial use (niche products) biopesticides often are developed by research institutions rather than by the traditional pesticide industry.

For using biopesticides effectively, users need to have good knowledge about managing the particular pests or pest complexes. Also, their efficacy is often variable due to the influence of various biotic and abiotic factors. Since biopesticides often contain living material, the products have reduced shelf lives. The very high specificity of the products might be a disadvantage when a complex of pest species needs to be controlled. Several biopesticides of the different classes have proved to be very effective in controlling potato pests however, there are certain disadvantages associated with their use that have prevented them from being used on a wider basis in potato production today. Since the use of the biopesticides is markedly safer for the environment and users, and more sustainable than the application of chemicals, their use as alternatives to chemical pesticides, especially as components in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, is of growing interest. A further advantage of most microbial pesticides is that they replicate in their target hosts and persist in the environment due to horizontal and vertical transmission, which may cause long-term suppression of pest populations even without repeating the application. Often they affect only the target pest and closely related organisms, substantially reducing the impact on non-target species. While chemical pesticides are responsible for extensive pollution of the environment, a serious health hazard due to the presence of their residues in food, development of resistance in targeted insect pest populations, a decrease in biodiversity, and outbreaks of secondary pests that are normally controlled by natural enemies, biopesticides, in contrast, are inherently less toxic to humans and the environment, do not leave harmful residues, and are usually more specific to target pests. Biochemical pesticides fall into different biologically functional classes, including pheromones and other semiochemicals, plant extracts, and natural insect growth regulators.īiopesticides generally have several advantages compared to conventional pesticides ( Kaya and Lacey 2007, Kaya and Vega 2012).

īiochemical pesticides: pesticides based on naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms, in contrast to chemical pesticides that contain synthetic molecules that directly kill the pest.

Plant-Incorporated Protectants (PIPs): these include pesticidal substances that are produced in genetically modified plants/organisms (GMO) (i.e., through the genetic material that has been incorporated into the plant). Although most of these agents attack insect species (called entomopathogens products referred to as bioinsecticides), there are also microorganisms (i.e., fungi) that control weeds (bioherbicides). Microbial pesticides and other entomopathogens: pesticides that contain microorganisms, like bacteria, fungi, or virus, which attack specific pest species, or entomopathogenic nematodes as active ingredients. Thus biopesticides cover a wide spectrum of potential products that can be classified as follows: The latter biocontrol agents used to manage potato pests are described in Chapter 14.

According to the FAO definition, biopesticides include those biocontrol agents that are passive agents, in contrast to biocontrol agents that actively seek out the pest, such as parasitoids, predators, and many species of entomopathogenic nematodes. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents – i.e., natural organisms or substances derived from natural materials (such as animals, plants, bacteria, or certain minerals), including their genes or metabolites, for controlling pests. The term biopesticides defines compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects rather than as broader chemical pesticides.